Crime Is Not Inevitable - 1987 Words

By Adeela Sajawal If the last twenty years has taught us anything, it is that crime is not inevitable. (Rt Hon Theresa May MP, then Home Secretary, March 2016). To what extent is this a valid comment? Introduction: Durkheim s assert that crime is a normal part of society, and that it is necessary and indispensable implies that crime is a moral check that acts as a balance in society. Crime is believed to exist as a result of aspiring in societies to get a moral order and so that it could become more organized and structured, this is mainly so that it could become free of any outbreaks, chaos and confusion amongst societies. There are cases in which people break the law, this is mainly because they are choosing to defect the collective morals of society. This is what the classical school talked about, where a person would have their own free will to commit a crime and defect the law, to meet their own demands, or needs. There will be individuals that will break the law in an attempt to get what they want and adjust the moral order mainly to benefit themselves, and their consciousness. An example of this would be what Durkheim stated We should not say that an act offends the common consciousness because it is criminal, but that it is criminal because it offends that consciousness. We do not condemn it because it is a crime, but it is a crime because we condemn it (Pavlich, 2011: p. 79). This statement infers that immanent morals of society are the accurateShow MoreRelatedCrime Is An Inevitable Part Of Society2939 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Crime is an inevitable part of society that we as humans try to understand and control. The field of study focusing on crime is criminology, which uses theories and science to find the root of crime. In criminology there are three paradigms that differ in their views on what causes crime and what policy implications need to be done in order to alleviate the problem of crime. The three paradigms are classical, positivist and conflict theories which all have had periods being the dominatingRead More Crime as Functional, Inevitable and Normal Essays707 Words   |  3 PagesCrime as Functional, Inevitable and Normal Crime can be functional in bringing about social change - when social norms are unsuited with the conditions of life. A high crime rate is an indication of a social system that has failed to adapt to change. Deviance, acts as a warning device, indicating that an aspect of society is malfunctioning. Deviance may also act as a safety valve - a relatively harmless expression of discontent. For example the invasion of the HouseRead MoreIs Crime Inevitable for Children Born into Certain Families? Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesTelegraph, Leapmen. Youth crime has increased drastically over the years as it can be seen from the statistics given above in 2008 on the telegraph newspaper. Youth crime has been an issue for a long time now; however it is becoming a major issue as it is only getting worse with how many youngsters are committing crime as well as the seriousness of the youth crimes is increasing. Criminologists as well as sociologists try to find out the main reason behind children turning to crime and have managed toRead MoreAssess the View That Crime Is Functional1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthe view that crime is functional, inevitable and normal. (33 marks) Within the sociological perspectives of crime and deviance, there is one particular approach which argues that crime is functional, inevitable and normal. This sociological perspective, Functionalism, consists of Emile Durkheim’s work on crime and deviance. His main argument was that ‘crime is normal’ and that it is ‘an integral part of all healthy societies’. This perspective views crime and deviance as an inevitable feature of allRead MorePolice Data Published By The Daily Mail On The Internet954 Words   |  4 Pagespublished by the Daily Mail on the Internet, provides evidence suggesting that one crime is committed every five seconds in the United States of America. Resulting in seventeen thousand two hundred eight crimes per day. This shocking number evidently demonstrates that on average too many crimes are committed everyday, and while this data is a reliable source that can be relied on to give people an idea of how many crimes are committed everyday on average; it fails in informing us on the reasons or inRead MoreRobert Merton Strain Theory Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify the key aspects of Robert Merton’s ‘strain theory’. It was a powerful statement focussing on the social causes of crime but what were its limitations? This essay is going to demonstrate an understanding of Robert Merton’s strain theory, the advantages of the Strain theory and also the disadvantages of the theory. Robert Merton (1910) best known for developing theories of deviance. Robert Merton is considered to be one of the most influential social scientists. Merton’s work is highlyRead MoreCrime Is Necessary: Durkheim’s Theory of Crime729 Words   |  3 PagesCrime can not be removed completely from society because it will always be the necessary unacceptable norm that can be located in all forms of societies around the world. Crime is regarded, by many people such as politicians and other people of everyday society, as horrid and unnecessary. Emile Durkheim believes that crime is normal and it isnt possible for it to not exist. If crime is everywhere and in no area has crime ever been successfully eradicated then we should assume it is there for a reasonRead MoreMarxists theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance913 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Assess the contribution of the Marxist theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance. (21 marks) Marxism is a macro/structural approach to society, meaning that it looks at the large-scale societal structure for answers about how society works and operates and explores crime and deviance in relation to classes within a capitalist society. Marxists claim that laws do not reflect a value consensus, instead laws and law enforcement benefits the rich (protection of private property)Read MoreIn The Yummy: The Last Days Of A Southside Shorty By G.952 Words   |  4 Pageswith the crime. His leaves the jury with an undoubtedly difficult decision, as well as the reader, because there are clues to both guilt and innocence in Steve’s case. The reader is left pondering the good character of Steve, the bad friends he spent time with, the doctoring of his testimony, and the information that Steve provided us hinting both at his guilt and at his innocence. We are comfortable with the fact that he has been let free, but has been warned. If he were involved in the crime, at leastRead Mo reThe Death of Emmett Till668 Words   |  3 Pagesarise once more in America. The downfall of the Jim Crow Laws was inevitable. Since the trial against Bryant and Milam, the fairness of court trialing were improved. As expected during these times, the use of a court trial against a black man is inevitably coming out with the white man successfully. Bryant and Milam walked away, uncharged of the crimes committed against Till. Carolyn did not confess to being a part of the crime, even if Bryant and Milam happily stated that they had killed the boy

Computer-Mediated Communication Use among Adolescents and...

This study uses a combination of two frameworks which are Self-Determination Theory and Uses and Gratification Theory. Both theories have been applied in a variety of disciplines from psychology to media studies. Specifically, the SDT is concerned primarily with the satisfaction of three psychological needs are essential nutrients for well-being and self-initiated actions. These needs consist of: a) autonomy, refers to human agency or volition for one’s action and decision (b) competence, refers to a sense of mastery and self-proficiency in order to interact effectively with one’s world, and (c) relatedness, refers to the feelings of being cared for, likened, and valued by other individuals. Thus, each of these three needs is necessary for†¦show more content†¦To understand why do people use media and what do they use them for, UG was applied to understand gratification from media exposure. In the context of this theory, it posits that (1) the social and psycho logical origins of (2) needs which generate (3) expectations of (4) the mass media or other sources which lead to (5) differential patterns of media exposure (or engagement in other activities), resulting in (6) need gratifications and (7) other consequences, perhaps mostly unintended ones†. It is assumed that media use is purposive and motivated, which users are active rather than passive consumers of media. This theory would then hold that media choice lies with the users in order to lead to desired outcomes or goals. This notion can be literally defined as ‘audience-centered,’ and prompts a shift from â€Å"what media do to people† to â€Å"what people do with media†. In so doing, users often evaluate their available media options and should be likely to choose a medium that best fulfilling their needs. It is likely that the degree of the users’ gratification obtained from the media exposure will contribute to the continuance of media use. Taken together, these two theories give a clear justification that individuals are always fully aware of what they are doing and proactive enough to ensure their needs met and away from those that thwart need fulfillment. The decision of merging theories providesShow MoreRelatedUGT in the 21st Century14999 Words   |  60 PagesMASS COMMUNICATION SOCIETY, 2000, 3(1), 3–37 Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century Thomas E. Ruggiero Communications Department University of Texas at El Paso Some mass communications scholars have contended that uses and gratifications is not a rigorous social science theory. In this article, I argue just the opposite, and any attempt to speculate on the future direction of mass communication theory must seriously include the uses and gratifications approach. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespermission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreLearning Environment and the Academic Performance of Secondary School Student s in Akwa-Ibom State11343 Words   |  46 Pagesconducive and productive learning environment. It will add to the body of literature on school learning environment environmental management strategies. The work will equally awaken and create awareness on both the teachers and the students on the need for teaching and learning how to manage the environment. This study will be beneficial to both students and lecturers. On the part of the students, the study will serve as a foundation for further research into other related aspects of school learningRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbe seen as hallmarks of the opening decades of the twentieth century. This intermingling of the forces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 †¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely set apart as centuries suggests the need for flexibility in demarcating phases of world history, and for determining beginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break pointsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory is extremely fragmented and there is no agreement concerning the underlying theoretical dimensions nor methodological approach to be employed. With the recognition of different approaches to organization theory, there is a widely perceived need to bring some order to the field. This textbook offers a well-integrated synthesis of approaches to organization theory. It will be welcomed by organization theory scholars and reflective practitioners and is a valuable companion for scholars and studentsRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 PagesYorkshire Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire previous page page_iii next page Page v Contents List of Figures List of Boxes and Tables Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Research proposals – purpose and use of this book 1.2 Background to this book 1.2.1 Empirical research – data 1.2.2 Quantitative and qualitative data 1.2.3 Relaxing the quantitative–qualitative distinction 1.2.4 Social science and social science areas 1.2.5 Relationship of this book to

The Biography of Edgar Allan Poe and His Contribution to the Horror Genre - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2327 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Edgar Allan Poe Essay Did you like this example? Edgar Allan poe was born January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts, and died October 7, 1849 in church home hospital in Baltimore Maryland(google) The name Edgar Allan Poe brings people flashes of killers and maniacs, premature burials, and crazy people who came back from the dead. His works has been in print since 1827 and includes such literary classics as The Tell-Tale Heart, The Raven, and The Fall of the House of Usher.( the museum of edgar allan poe). Poe is greatly known as the inventor of detective stories and the creator of science fiction genre. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Biography of Edgar Allan Poe and His Contribution to the Horror Genre" essay for you Create order his reputation today is primarily held on his stories and poetry of terror. Poe is often thought of as unwholesome, hard to read figure, looking in the shadows of cemeteries or dark castles.Poe has had a really dark and lonely past which is why I believe hes such a peculiar character. All that was mentioned is what people know of Edgar Allan Poe. But much of what we know about Poe is incorrect, because one of Poes enemies attempted to defame Poe by writing a fake biography. The real Poe was born to traveling actors in Boston on January 19, 1809, but within three years both of his parents had died. Poe was taken in by the wealthy tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond, Virginia, while Poes siblings went to live with other families(Poe biography) John Allan guided Poe to become a business person, but Poe dreamt of becoming his own personal legend, the poet Lord Byron. Poe had many poetic verses and that showed how little inteset he had in business. In 1826 Poe left Richmond to attend the University of Virginia, where he excelled in his classes but accumulated considerable debt( biography ) The cheap John Allan had sent Poe to school with less than a third of the money he needed, so then Poe started playing games like gambling to raise money and pay his bills. By the end of his first semester Poe became really poor. Crushed by his poverty and infuriated with Allan,Poe was forced to drop out of school and return to Richmond. However, matters continued to worsen. He visited the home of his fiancee, Elmira Royster, only to discover that she had become engaged to another man.( biography) Poe was very heartbroken and had increasingly became hostile toward Allan until he finally left Allans home in a idealistic journey to become a poet and find his calling. Poe published his first poetry collection, Tamerlane, and Other Poems. The volume went unnoticed by readers and reviewers, and a second collection, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems, received only slightly more attention when it appeared in 1829. (Edgar Allan Poe) Two years later he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point while writing and publishing poetry. But after eight months at West Point Poe was kicked out. Poor and lonely, Poe turned to his real fathers home, but his cousin robbed him so Poes relative, aunt Maria Clemm, welcomed him into her home. While Poe was in Baltimore, John Allan died, leaving Poe on his own. By then Poe was living in poverty but had started publishing his short stories, one of which won a contest sponsored by the Saturday Visiter. The connections Poe established through the contest allowed him to publish more stories and to eventually gain an editorial position at the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond(biography) It was at this magazine that Poe finally found his spot as a writer. Poe was one of the first writers to manipulate both horror and detective fiction together. Dupin, the investigating hero of Poes trilogy of ratiocination published in the early 1840s, is considered by many to be the first detective, a protagonist who logically follows a trail of clues and solves the mystery at the heart of the narrative(influence on poe). This kind of fiction has become extremely popular in the American culture, which has lead off to give more then one version of tv drama/ horror shows like sherlock, true detectives, law and order. All of these detective/ suspense shows owe their central credibility to early poets like Poe. Since detective fiction has existed, the American culture has become extremely obsessed over these shows. The culture has essentially made rules for these shows like, what is and isnt allowed in detective fiction, citing outrageously classist restrictions (crimes must not be perpetrated by servants and other menialsâ€Å" the reader demands a wo rthwhile suspect) to inexplicable, racist constraints (influence on poe). But the people who create these shows of detective fiction/ suspense have not followed the rules at all. Poe has earned him a place in the English literature that not many people reach, as he is one of Americas first horror writers. His tales are filled with rare dungeons, gothic castles, and maniatic people. Even, American International Pictures adapted eight of his stories into films beginning in 1960, and writers as disparate as H.P. Lovecraft and Stephen King have cited Poe as a major influence on their work As a child I always enjoyed reading stephen king novels and watching goosebumps T.V show. I remember it were really suspense and frightful to me but addicting to watch and intriguing so for Stephen King to be inspired by Poe proves how impactful he was on other English writers. His poetry exhibits an astounding popularity. The Raven is perhaps the most recognizable poem in the English language, its haunting sing-song rhythm and unforgettable imagery appealing not only to literary connoisseurs but also to school children and people who rarely read poetry. Everyone, it seems, knows the ravens cry of Nevermore.( nox arcana). I believe its Poes command of language that has people so addicted to his writing. It elevates people and bring emotion of suspense and terror. Poe became so great, he was even compared to Shakespeare. Critics say he was a deliberate, precise wordsmith who labored over the placement of every dash and comma. Like Shakespeare, he could transcend the sordidness of his subject matter by the sheer force of his language (nox arcana). Personally, One of my favorite poems by Poe is The Raven, published in 1845, appeared in the New York Evening Mirror and became an immediate popular sensation. My favorite chunk of the poem is , Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend! I shrieked, upstarting† Get thee back into the tempest and the Nights Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken!†quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door! (Famous poems by edgar allan poe) This poem immediately became popular, reprinted and illustrated. It also got Poe out of poverty so he finally had a home. The poem is about the story of a lover who laments the death of his beloved Lenore and is visited by a raven. I find it fascinating how Poe thought of such dark object to talk to a human being while being in extreme emotional distress. I believe the talking raven represents more than simple personification. A raven is an ugly, black, heavily built crow and that adds special scariness to the poem. The raven also makes the lovers emotional distress go up by constantly repeating the word nevermore, slowly driving the lover crazy The poem makes use of a number of folk and mythological references; and is noted for its stylized language and supernatural atmosphere. It influenced numerous later works including the famous painting Nevermore by Paul Gauguin. The Raven is not only the most famous poem of Edgar Allan Poe but also one of the most renowned in English litera ture(Top famous poems). My favorite part about the poem is the sad, dark and imaginative atmosphere it builds. I am not surprised it influenced greatly known artists because the poem is full of emotion and mythological references. My second favorite poem by poe has to be Annabel Lee, published in 1849. This was the last complete poem of Edgar Allan Poe and was published in New York Tribune on 9th October 1849(.famous poems by edgar allan poe) only two days after his death. I think its strange how such poem full strong emotions of love and longing released only two days before his death. My favorite part of the poem is But our love it was stronger by far than the love Of those who were older than we† Of many far wiser than we† And neither the angels in Heaven above Nor the demons down under the sea Can ever dissever my soul from the soul Of the beautiful Annabel Lee(famous poems by edgar allan poe) Annabel Lee follows one of Poes famous themes, the death of a young, alluring, beautiful woman Poe probably fell in love with. The narrator, who is in love with Anabel, believes his and anabels love was so intense and strong, demons got jealous, but regardless, he would never stop loving her. Sure ly after Anabels death, the narrator holds her love and has hope they will see eachother again, in hell or heaven but eventually will reunite. Annabel Lee is thought to be written by Poe in memory of his wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe, who had died a couple of years earlier ( famous poems by edgar allan poe) One of Poes favorite themes to write about in his poems is the death of a young and beautiful woman and I believe its because he has been heartbroken a lot and expresses his emotions through his poems My third most favorite poem is lonely, published in 1829. Its one of my favorites because its deep in the sense that it expresses a lonely childhood full of sorrow and never found much joy as others. Out of the 22 lines, my favorite ones are the following, From the same source I have not taken My sorrow†I could not awaken My heart to joy at the same tone† And all I lovd†I lovd alone† (famous poems by edgar Allan Poe). This poem was written after the death of his foster mother Frances Allan. It was unpublished during his lifetime and was first published in Scribners Monthly with the title Alone in September 1875 (famous poems by edgar allan poe). I can imagine this made a big impact on people as the narrator is presented as first person looking back at old childhood memories as a sad and lonely child who was never loved back, as he loved others. As the lines say and all I lovd- I lovd alone. The tone of the poem sounds really dark and gothic Poe has many great poems directed towards life realization. A dream within a dream, published in 1850 looks over the delicacy of time, how we look at it and its effects. Yet if hope has flown away In a night, or in a day, In a vision, or in none, Is it therefore the less gone? All that we see or seem Is but a dream within a dream (poestories). In this poem poe feels as if life has robbed him of love, purpose and desires since everything feels like a dream to him. He imagines important things in his life falling off his hands as if they were grains of sand. Poe feels unable to even hold one grain so he begins to question whether or not his life is a fantasy. The poems line All that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream is one of the most popular quotes from the poetry of Edgar Allan Poe My next favorite poem by Poe is Lenor published in 1843. It is named after another character from The Raven, which made the poem Lenore even more famous. It should also be noted that A Paean was the original title of this poem and it was first published as part of an early collection in 1831(10 most famous poems). My favorite lines of the poem are, Wretches! ye loved her for her wealth and hated her for her pride, And when she fell in feeble health, ye blessed herâ€Å"that she died! How shall the ritual, then, be read?â€Å"the requiem how be sung By youâ€Å"by yours, the evil eye,â€Å"by yours, the slanderous tongue That did to death the innocent that died, and died so young? This poem is about the death of a beautiful woman. The death of a beautiful woman, poe liked to call the most poetic thing in the word, which sounds quite twisted. But it makes sense for Poe to make poems of beautiful dead woman, because he has a dead wife and has gone through heartbreaks. There are about two lines with different speakers in the poem like Guy De Vere, Lenores dead wife. Overall, Edgar Allan Poe brings people flashes of killer, maniacs, premature burials, and crazy people who came back from the dead. Poe is greatly known as the inventor of detective stories and the creator of science fiction genre. his reputation today is primarily held on his stories and poetry of terror. Poe is often thought of as unwholesome, hard to read person, probably looking in the shadows of cemeteries or dark castles. Poe has had a really dark past which is why hes such a peculiar character. He greatly became a big influencer not just to the American society but also as an international writer. He was one of the first writers to manipulate both horror and detective fiction together. Its incredible the way Poe became such a literary legend of detective fiction, suspense, horror and gloom. What is even more impressive is the fact that all of his writings mirror his past history! Its no wonder he is so great at manipulating horror and detective fiction. It is becau se he writes with the heart and how he truly feels.

19th Century Changes for Europe and America - 1453 Words

The 19th century in Europe and America saw a vast range of movement of ideas, beliefs, and way of thinking. Deciding to move away from the idea that the church was the reason for all being, great minds conjured up different conclusions as to why we as beings are here on this earth, what the meaning of life is, and what our purpose of living should be. It was because of these differences in thought and reason that creative movements were born. From Enlightenment to Romanticism, Realism to Symbolism, each had their own unique way of looking at life and meaning. These differences and similarities in style can be seen in their respective various forms of philosophy, as well as music and literature. The age of Enlightenment began as one of the first alternative ways of thinking. It emphasized more scientific reason and fact rather than believing that God controlled all things. The age of Enlightenment saw advances in science, philosophy and literature. Some famous philosophers of the time included Immanuel Kant as well as Jean- Jacques Rousseau. Both argued the effect of government on human psyche. Kant believed that there is no such thing as a true reality, that in fact reality is different for every person. Therefore we all perceive the law and government in different ways, and no one law means the same thing to the same person. He expresses these beliefs in one of his most famous works Critique of Practical Reason. Similarly, Rousseau formed his argument on theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The Industrial Revolution865 Words   |  4 PagesAs the 19th century was starting, so was the start of the Industrial Revolution. The 1800s began with a bang as Count Alessandro Volta invented the first battery. Volta is the reason why we now measure electricity in â€Å"volts.† About ten years later Joseph Nicephore Niepce would create a machine that could produce a likeness or photograph. 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This essay focuses on the interpretations of globalizationRead MoreDecline of the Ottoman Empire918 Words   |  4 Pagessecond half of the 19th century is believed to have been as a result of conflicting political and social aspect in the empire as well as the economic situation of the empire. This led to the dismissal of the ottoman rulers by the Europeans as competent rulers who could lead the empire to modernization. The empire was faced with rebellions from the people, corruption of the administrators, economic difficulties and military deterioration, and was as a result called the sick man of Europe. Although thereRead MoreIndividualism Is Celebrated As An Achievement Of Our Culture, Economy, And Success1328 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieves that to be personally successful is more important than the success and solidarity among the people you identify with. In the 19th century of Latin America, this ideology was forced onto a society that perceived itself as a collective culture. 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A Summary On The Children Cheetah - 10031 Words

Page semi-protected Cheetah From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Cheetah (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Leopard. Cheetah[1] Temporal range: Late Pliocene to Recent Cheetah Kruger.jpg A South African cheetah (A. jubatus jubatus) Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Acinonyx Species: A. jubatus Binomial name Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber, 1775) Subspecies A. j. jubatus A. j. raineyii A. j. soemmeringii A. j. hecki A. j. venaticus Cheetah range - 2.png The range of the cheetah The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a large feline (family Felidae, subfamily Felinae) inhabiting most of Africa and parts of Iran. It is the only extant member of the genus Acinonyx. The cheetah can run faster than any other land animal— as fast as 110 to 120 km/h (68 to 75 mph)[3][4][5][6][7][8] in short bursts covering distances up to 500 m (1,600 ft), and has the ability to accelerate from 0 to 96 km/h (60 mph) in three seconds.[9] The cheetah is a unique felid, with its closest living relatives being the puma and jaguarundi of the Americas. This cat is notable for modifications in the species paws, being one of the few felids with only semi-retractable claws.[10] Its main hunting strategy is to trip swift prey such as various antelope species and hares with their dewclaw. Almost every facet of the cheetah sShow MoreRelatedEssay on Zoos and Animal Rights1063 Words   |  5 Pageszoos deprived animals from satisfying their most basic needs. They urge not to patronized zoos and claims that the money spent on ticket purchases pays for animals to be imprisoned and traded, not rescued and rehabilitated. 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Efficiency Equity and voice in Workplace †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Efficiency Equity and voice in Workplace. Answer: Outline of the paper The Productivity Commission has the role of reviewing workplace relation policies. The purpose of this paper is to throw light upon the role of productive commission in the process of review. the paper provides a brief overview of efficiency, equity and voice in workplace. The paper discusses about employment policies within a work place which may have effect on productivity and industrial relations. These areas include national minimum standards in employment, anti-bullying or harassment framework, penalty rates and domestic violence. The paper also analyzes whether the Productivity Commission refers to the concept of equity, efficiency and voice within the workplace. It is futher determined by the paper that whether the Productivity Commission is able to achieve an appropriate balance between the concepts of voice equity and efficiency within a workplace. Concepts of equity, efficiency and voice: Equity According to Rogers (2016) equity is a bunch of fair and just standards of employment which covers personal treatments which respect human liberty and dignity as well as material outcome. The imperatives of equity are supported by religious, political and ethical theory. The concept simply means that every individual in the work place receives fair treatment. The concept provides for a transparency to effect and cause and it is known to everyone that what should be expected in relation to rewards and consequences. Where there is equity there is an equal access to opportunity provided to all people. The concept establishes an advantageous environment for the employers and the employees both. The opportunity which is provided by the incorporation of equity in the workplace would motivate the employees to meet their goals. Where the employees are provided with the belief that they are treated equally in terms of opportunities and rewards they would also tend to provide extra effort for the organization. Efficiency Budd and Colvin (2015) defines efficiency as the process of seeking the most comprehensive usage of available resources. It is also defined as the task or work which is completed within the workplace by a single employee or a team or a department in a day. Employees are paid within the organization for efficiency and hard work. It is the duty of the employees to attain the target which has been assigned to them within a particular deadline. Efficiency of an organization is primary for its survival. If an organization does not efficiently use its resources it would not be able to sustain in the competitive market. However, long term efficiency cannot be achieved by the organization through illegitimate means and depriving the employees of their basic workplace rights. Equity has to be incorporated into the system for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of the organization in an appropriate manner. Taking away the basic rights of the employees such as making them work for extra hou rs and not giving them appropriate leaves in order to increase the productivity would have a drastic effect on the work-life balance of the employees. where the work-life balance of the employee is disrupted it would negatively reflect on their performance and subsequently the performance of the organization. Voice The means through which the views of the employees are communicated to the employer is known as employee voice. It is the primary medium through which employees can influence matters which causes a concern to them at work (Freeman Boxall and Haynes 2007). Employee voice at workplace is equally important for the employer as it makes a contribution towards innovation, business improvements and productivity. On the other hand it also gives the employees greater influence, increased opportunity for growth and increased job satisfaction. Employee voice helps the employers understand what the employees expect from a work place and what problems do they face (Hassan 2016). Role of the productivity Commission The Australian governments primary advisory and review body on microeconomic regulations and policies along with various other environmental issues is the productivity commission. The productive commission was established by an independent legislation known as the Productive Commission Act 1998 which was passed by the commonwealth parliament. The productivity commission had been asked by the Australian Government to conduct an inquiry for the purpose of determining the functioning and performance of workplace relation structure within the country and make recommendations for its improvement. The role of the public commission was to review the effect of workplace relation structure of matters such as underemployment, unemployment and creation of jobs. The commission also had to make inquiry in relation to equitable and fair pay along with the condition of work and the safety features deployed in the work place (Adams 2005). The role of the commission also extended towards analyzing th e compliance burden on employers with existing legal provisions and red tape as well as appropriate scope for independent contracting. The commission also looked into business investment, competitiveness and productivity and the capacity of the labor market and the businesses for responding properly to changing conditions of economy in relation to labor engagement. The bargaining barriers are also analyzed by the PC. Safety Net The safety Net constitutes of three primary instruments which provides basis for condition and wages for the employees namely, the national employment standards, awards and the national minimum wage. In Australia the minimum wages are set out by the expert panel of the Fair Work Commission, which considered alterations in representations and economic conditions primarily from the Australian government, Union stakeholders and businesses. Generally a modest rise in the minimum wages are determined by the commission. It has been provided by the public commission that although the present minimum wage may be justified dilemma is faced by the FWC to determine the level which is just right. There is a short and long run dimension to such level. Previously the minimum wage based on which a particular level of employment may be sustained depended upon capabilities and skills of the jobless, the employees who are paid the minimum wages and the demand of such people. A critical question which had been identified by the PC was that the extent to which the regulated wage systems appropriately attain the redistribution goals set by it. There have been significant changes in the social system and only one man in the house hold does not work which was used to previously determine minimum wages (www.pc.gov.au 2017). However, where the welfare system of Australia has been significant in promoting income equality it has also discouraged employment, stigmatize people and incorporate social disadvantage. Where minimum wages are not set too high may help to address strong bargaining power of the employer. A reasonable empirical evidence exits which state that various individual firm are provided with some market power for hiring employees. The many frictions which are associated with job matching and search are reflected by this. This also signifies that wages may be suppressed by the unregulated labor markets well below efficient level and may also reduce employment in some cases as it has distributional effect. The pay level of the lowly paid are increased by the minimum wages to the extent that their jobs are retained by them and they want to work for the required hours. However, even where the above discussed rational are accepted the question of their impact on earning and employment is an obser ved matter. Although it is confidently asserted by some that the matter is decided by observing either side of the debate in reality not much evidence is provided in support of the matter (www.pc.gov.au 2017). The risk in relation to jeopardizing employment is only a one of the consideration. The Public commission found that the effect of household income of yearly salary review relied upon what impact does the pay increase have on other form of wages in the market. hundreds of wage rates for different jobs are created by Australia unique system for rewards where annual rates have a connection with alternations in the above minimum wages. It was found by the Public commission that unemployment is not only related strongly to lower income levels but also has a high adverse impact on the well being of people. The national employment standards provide 10 basic conditions in relation to employment which includes working hours, redundancy pay and various forms of leaves. Employment contracts, enterprise agreements and awards cannot omit any element which has been set by the NES. However PC identified various concerns in relation to the NES. In relation to leaves and public holiday the FWC Act provides enterprise agreements and awards to incorporate terms which allow the employees and employer to observe public holiday on a day other than with has been prescribed, however such provisions are not contained in all awards. It has been recommended by the PC that all awards must mandatorily contain provisions through which swapping holiday in the workplace is available as an option. The standards also recognize a holiday which has been declared by the state government and thus by creating new holidays a unilateral obligations with the NES can be created by the state governments. It has also been i dentified by the PC that there is not much support provided to women employees who have just given birth in the work place and therefore major changes in breastfeeding arrangements are required. Whether the Productivity Commission either explicitly or implicitly refers to the concepts of equity, efficiency and voice and relative importance of each in the Productivity Commission Report In its report the public commission had discussed about several issues in industrial relations such as: Institutional reforms Enterprise bargaining Individual arrangements Protecting employees The Safety Net Sham contracting Migrant workers in Australia Public sector bargaining individual disputes and the right of entry In relation to institutional reforms it has been recommend by the PC that new institutional arrangements have to be developed by the Australian government in relation to modern awards and minimum wages. It has been recommended that the government should create a statutory independent workplace standard commission having the responsibility of reviewing and varying modern awards and national minimum wages. It has also been recommended by the PC that in from of a less preferred option the government can establish as a minimum standards division the wage regulator in the FWC. The alternative although applicable would provide a limited scope for initial changes in culture. The divisions must be stated in statues and must have transparently set out legal duties. These recommendation clearly points out that the PC impliedly refers to equity and efficiency within the work place as it seeks to enhance the performance of the employees and well as provide them with adequate wages in the work pl ace. It also seeks to ensure that the productivity of the business is not hampered by the introduction of a wage which is not economically feasible for the businesses (Effinger Frericks and Jensen 2014). In relation to minimum wages it has been recommended by the PC that while undertaking the annual wage review. It provides that the analytical framework has to be broadened by the wage regulator while doing the annual wage review towards systematically considering the variation risk in economic situations on living standards of low paid employees and employment. Thus through these recommendation the PC is referring to employee voice within the workplace by recommending provisions to frequently review their requirements (www.pc.gov.au 2017). The PC has recommend the government to amend the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) to remove the provisions of continued four yearly review of modern awards and to include requirements towards ensuring the wage regulator along with NES give a minimum safety net of terms and conditions which would enhance the well-being of the community by taking into account the needs of the employer, the needs of the employed, the needs to increase employment, the needs of the consumer and the needs to make sure that modern awards are understood easily. This clearly indentifies the implied referral of the PC towards equity, voice and efficiency within the work place by ensuring the interest of all stakeholders of the workplace have been addressed. It has been recommended by the PC that as a part of its contemporary review process the FWC should prescribe Sunday penalty rates which are not a part of shift or overtime work at 125% and present Sunday award rate for those employees who are permanent in the retail, restaurant, caf and hospitality industry. This would ensure that efficiency which is required on Sunday in such industries is met and employee voice and equity is also addressed by providing them with higher rate of rewards. In relation to the issue of unfair dismissal it has been recommended by the PC that the government may introduce a requirement by which the fees made in relation to an unfair dismissal claim is nonrefundable. This recommendation would ensure that efficiency of business functioning is ensured and the businesses are protected from numerous unreasonable unfair dismissal claim and in addition those who have an general claim would not be afraid to file a unfair dismissal claim and therefore equity and employee voice is also addressed by the PC. It has also been recommended by the PC that the government bring into effect another non-refundable fee in relation to upfront lodgment fees for those unfair dismissal cases which go to arbitration. Parties must also be advised by the FWC that all arbitration cases do not result in compensation based on the recent decision. This would ensure that the employees do not make an unnecessary unfair dismissal claim. Although such a recommendation addressed business efficiency and productivity, it has hints that it is not addressing the concept of employee voice or equity in the workplace. Through the inquiry conducted and the recommendations provided by PC it is clear that importance have been provided to voice, efficiency and equity in the workplace by the PC however the priority given to each concept is relatively different. The concept of employee vice although addressed by the PCs report has not been provided much priority as compared to the other concepts like Equity and Efficiency. The report has not made much inquiry and provided adequate recommendations on the concept of employee voice. All the recommendations which had been made by the PC is towards enhancing the efficiency of the business and balancing the bargaining power of the employees and the employers within a workplace. When it comes to equity although much importance has been provided by the PC report it is less as compared to the importance provided to efficiency. The PC has made inquiry and recommendation in relation to equity within the workplace and ensured that adequate rights are provided to the employees. however the primary purpose of providing such rights is that business efficiency is ensured as employee satisfaction directly affects business efficiency. The balance between Equity, Efficiency and Voice achieved by the Public Commission Report According to Budd (2004) it is to be noted that efficiency, equity, and voice may often conflict with each other. The concept of equity requires un-biased decision making, objective evidence and appealing to neutral parties where participation in hearing is entailed by Voice. Both the dimensions may conflict each other for instance where the control of the third party may override the voice of the participants and thus an efficient result may not be derived. Therefore it is of utmost importance to establish a balance between three concepts to derive optimum results. In the report published by the PC into industrial relations there is a fair balance between the concept of equity, Voice and Efficient. It has been argued by Budd that the primary objectives of employment relationship are voice, equity and efficiency. The productivity commission report ensures that its gives significant importance to efficiency and equity in work place but not much on voice. It has been seen in the report that the issues which have been addressed by the PC and the recommendations which have been made are in to ensuring equity and efficiency in the workplace. In relation to unfair dismissal the commission recommends that non refundable fees should be initiated. This would ensure that the system has become efficient as unnecessary claims would be significantly diminished. On the other hand it also provides equity to the employee as where the numbers of cases are reduced the employees having genuine claim would have access to faster decision. It suppresses the negative voice of those who have a malicious claim and encourage the voice of those who have a genuine and truthful claim. Although voice is not given equal importance as the other two concepts here there is still a fair amount of balance between the concepts (Pohler and Luchak 2014). A recommendation has been provided by PC that the government has to amend section 341 of the FWA so that it can more transparently provide the provisions in relation to the application of workplace rights. It has been provided by the commission that the exercise of workplace rights have to be indicated by modified provisions in situations where inquiry or complaint has led to suspected adverse action has to have situation which bears tangible and direct relation to employment of the person. In addition the PC recommends that in relation to this, the formulation of a standard test has to be considered like what has been provided in part 3-1 related to unreasonable, harsh or unjust dismissal. Thus through this recommendation the PC impliedly provided more emphasis of equity and voice in a work place as compared to efficiency by increasing the compliance burden on the employers. Therefore for the above discussion it can be provided that where the productivity commission has not provided importance to a single concept it balances the deficiency by providing less importance to some other concept and more to the concept which had previously been overlooked in order to establish an appropriate balance between the system. Although it is difficult to establish a comprehensive balance between the three concepts in industrial relations the productivity commission report has made an successful attempt towards establishing a fair balance between the concepts of equity, voice and efficiency in the work place. References Adams, R.J., 2005. Efficiency, equity, and voice as moral imperatives.Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal,17(2), pp.111-117. Budd, J.W. and Colvin, A.J., 2005. Balancing Efficiency, Equity, and Voice in Workplace Dispute Resolution Procedures.Human Resources Research Institute Working Paper, pp.01-05. Budd, J.W., 2004.Employment with a human face: Balancing efficiency, equity, and voice. Cornell University Press. Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) Freeman, R.B., Boxall, P.F. and Haynes, P. eds., 2007.What workers say: Employee voice in the Anglo-American workplace. Cornell University Press. Hassan, S.A.G., 2016.Smart Working Conditions and Efficiency at the Workplace: A Comparative Study Between the American University in Cairo, and the University of California, Berkeley(Doctoral dissertation, American University in Cairo). Pfau-Effinger, B., Frericks, P. and Jensen, P.H., 2014. Social rights and employment rights related to family care: Family care regimes in Europe.Inter-national Journal of Ageing (forthcoming). Pohler, D.M. and Luchak, A.A., 2014. Balancing efficiency, equity, and voice: The impact of unions and high-involvement work practices on work outcomes. ILR Review, 67(4), pp.1063-1094. Resick, C.J., Hargis, M.B., Shao, P. and Dust, S.B., 2013. Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior. Human Relations, 66(7), pp.951-972. Rogers, B., 2016. Employment rights in the platform economy: Getting back to basics.Browser Download This Paper. www.pc.gov.au (2017). pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/workplace-relations/report/workplace-relations-overview. [online] Pc.gov.au. Available at: https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/workplace-relations/report/workplace-relations-overview.pdf [Accessed 18 Nov. 2017].

Criticism of Traditional Budgeting Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Criticism of Traditional Budgeting. Answer: Introduction The preparation of budgeting is the primary method of traditional budgeting wherein one takes the budget of the previous year as the base year. While preparing the budget for the current year, it is imperative to adjust the operating costs that include demand, inflation rate, market situation and so forth. What it means is apart from the operating cost, the revenue associated with the budget of the previous year is also equally important. Zero based budgeting method is required to conduct traditional budgeting which is quite similar to incremental financial statement method (Welch, 2013). The primary subject matter of this paper is the criticism of budgeting. Besides, the paper also covers the evaluation of the two successful methods to improve budgeting. Criticism of Traditional Budgeting Budgeting is the cornerstone of management control process; it is one of the most comprehensive research topics of management accounting around the world. Theaccounting literature defines various uses of budgeting about evaluation and performance management, strategy information, policy implementation, and so on. However, despite the fact that budgeting is traditional and popular, annual budgeting has come under adverse criticism (Fraser, 2003). The paper aims to focus on the traditional budgeting criticism as per the instruction. An Overview of Budgeting The Chairman of the United States General Electric, Jack Welch does not bother about the budget. His bestselling book Winning portrays some essential information regarding traditional budgeting. He opines that budgeting is nothing but the most ineffective practice in management. Also, he believes that budgeting hampers big dreams, energy, time and so forth. He has a distaste for traditional budgeting thought to which most CEOs in Europe agree. For this very reason, European companies have been replacing the traditional budgeting for rolling forecast, and other plans (Melnychuk, 2014). As a result, the methods of budgeting plan, forecasting is slowly changing its way across the pond. Although it is a new trend, it is not above criticism. Due to this growing trend in the United States, most of the American-based companies have come to realize that they need some changes and adopt adaptive planning approach to set their future courses (Siglaugsson, 2017). According to The Beyond Budget ing Round Table (BBRT), it spends countless hours on the performance management of large-scale organizations. Bjarte Bogens of Norgewian oil company Statoil believes, "A traditional budget is not the way to manage a global oil exploration company. The world has changed. Our business environment is much more turbulent, dynamic and demanding than even five years ago. We have to change the model because the world has changed." (Wildavsky, 2001). In addition to this Robin Frasier of the BBRT argues "companies should not do budgeting," Furthermore, he also says, "In a competitive environment companies can perform much better if they give more autonomy to line managers. Beyond Budgeting Process In Beyond Budgeting, the first step should involve separating the three processes that are historically combined in the traditional budgeting routine; namely target, forecast, and resource allocationAbove all, the most important factor for beyond budgeting is business culture. While some organizations are not yet ready for this change, they may well become so over time, and the process will be evolutional. (Amalfi, 2016). The budgeting culture is the single most barrier to changes. Medium-scale corporations spend three to five hours on budgeting matters on a daily basis. In 2003, Hackett Group observed that the medium-scale organizations spent 25,000 person-days of the annual budget. The director of BBRT North America, Steve Player, said that budget becomes a threat to the lasting enterprises once it gains control as an instrument (Rothberg, 2011). He believes in todays dynamic economy, medium-scale enterprises build traditional budgeting platform and, as a result, they promote mistrust. According to most researchers, budgeting comes with many privileges despite the fact that it also involves several impediments or shortcomings. However, the adverse effects put the positive ones in the shade, which is not unusual. Excessive reliance on traditional budgeting may prove fatal at times. If there are inaccuracies or discrepancies in the budgeting of the previous year, chances are it may also reflect in the budget of the current year. Such a defect may lead to the incorrect budget, which can harm the development of the company in the long run. It is a well-known fact that lesser motivation can affect the bureaucracy of an organization which, if not addressed in time, can go on to make other employees feel unimportant or neglected. In instances like this, employees may either lose confidence or feel demotivated. Being an inflexible and fixed budget, the traditional one remains the same even in some cases - new competitors enter the market, market conditions change along with changes in policies and so forth. Survey of Budgeting Conducted studies on the context of Singapore provide new insight into traditional budgeting. In a survey related to the results of traditional budgeting, three model questionnaires were set out. Out of the 1380 surveys, 1,088 were distributed among economic entities, 100 among students with a master's degree, and the remaining 192 among professors to achieve the future of the budgeting process in Singapore territories (Elsevier, 2014). According to SAP AG, White Paper titled Beyond Budgeting (2001) considered the budgeting model which was introduced in the 1920s to assist financial managers to control the costs of large-scale organizations. As a periodic process, traditional budgeting and planning tend to define operational expenditures and forecast income. Notwithstanding the fact that it reflects on the historical data, it does not change during the budget cycle phase (Blondal, 2006). Traditional Budgeting refers to the amount allotted for specific financial obligations during a set period. Also referred to as annual budgeting by front line managers, it constitutes one of the simple ways of budgeting. Therefore, it comes across as an obvious choice to most companies. Critics, however, have opposed traditional budgeting. Critics complain that budgets are timed incorrectly (too long or too short); rely on inappropriate measures; and are either too simplistic (or too complex), too rigid (inflexible in a changing business environment), or too political (the incentives for managers send the wrong messages). For some companies, it even takes more than eight months to complete the budget (Andrews, 2007). It uses too many resources for an extended period. Most budgets are very detailed and require the input and back and forth negotiation of many people throughout the organization, which only adds to some corporate resources consumed by traditional budgeting (Wolf, 2017). Moreover, internal politics come into play and often become more important than the customerwith managers and employees self-occupied as a result. Fortune magazine reported, around 70% of companies surveyed were poor at executing strategya massive indictment of the performance management capabilities of budgets. It turned out that most businesses were characterized by incremental thinking, sclerotic budgeting processes, centralized decision making, petty operating rules, and controllers who demanded answers to the wrong questions. In Sulaiman et al. (2004) a survey was conducted for traditional and contemporary managementaccounting practices in some countries such as China, India, Malaysia, Singapore. The countries focussed on the traditional budgeting regarding variance analysis, performance measurement, standard costing, activity based costing, cost volume analysis, balanced scorecards and so forth. During the year 2000, Singapore based organizations implemented some changes to their strategy; the net income of the investments derived from the past surpluses was used for budgetary purposes (Blondal, 2006). According to the fiscal rule of Singapore, annual net investment income may use by budgetary sectors. All these happened because of following traditional budgeting. Heyns (2001) highlighted that any current practice review of budgeting has massive frustration with its traditional approach. Neely also said the same thing about traditional budgeting. In most organizations, budgeting and planning process is renowned for consuming at least 30% of management time. Price Waterhouse Coopers found a benchmark regarding the budget preparation (Turban, 2008). The PWC study not only failed to report budgeting costs but also lose its forecasts variation on large-scale enterprises. Practical Approaches to Improve Budgeting Now the two practice-led approaches come into effects that are to improve budgeting. The premise of beyond spreadsheets has a better way to deal with the situation of improving the budget. In the context of Singapore, the running businesses need to produce A line item budget presented and approved by executives and legislature. Being a modern budgeting system, this is easy to use and the financial planning is configurable to adopt a new version of financial and HR data (Lohan, 2013). Having different advantages such as security, version comparison, workflow, organizations may produce entire budget book into one system to bring together all necessary items. Top level managements can integrate payroll and HR application directly into the budgeting application to forecasting existing costs. If they interested in the project and capital budget, they can even consider the aspects like operating expenses, financing cost and capital cost to the primary spreadsheets, and so on. Cloud budgeting and planning application may be the second approach to do the same. Core ERP and HR systems with cloud facility may solve the problem to improve budgeting. Adopt cloud applications by using hybrid/on-premise strategy proving to be faster than traditional on-premise applications. With the help of cloud system including the database administration, hardware, and network, the upgraded budgeting system can upgrade subscription price. Conclusion European countries, as indicated earlier, are pioneering the nation by utilizing different budgeting systems from traditional budgeting approach. In less and open regulated market, the climate is always conducive to changes. In the United States, organizations tend to have upgraded their budgeting systems to cover up all the associated problems (Wood, 2008). The goal is to the stop-and-start budget unless or until they get a positive outcome. Rolling and managing budgetary forecast is nothing but a challenging matter. Therefore, planning tool is necessary to deal with all the associated situations. References Rothberg, A (2011) Traditional Budgeting vs. Beyond Budgeting: Three Core Differences. Journal of Traditional Budgeting page 1-3. Elsevier, B (2014) Difficulties of the Budgeting Process and Factors Leading to the Decisions to Implement this Management Tool. Journal of Emerging Market Queries in Finance and Business. Page 470. doi : 10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00484-5. Blondal, J (2006) Budgeting in Singapore. OECD JOURNAL ON BUDGETING . ISSN 1608-7143. Volume 6- No 1. Wolf, K (2017) Why its Time to Say Goodbye to Traditional Budgeting. [Online] Retrieved from https://www.amanet.org/training/articles/why-its-time-to-say-goodbye-to-traditional-budgeting.aspx. Accessed on [19.07.2017] Siglaugsson, T (2017) Should we abandon budgeting or can we improve it? [Online] Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/should-we-abandon-budgeting-can-improve-thorsteinn-siglaugsson. Accessed on [19.07.2017] Melnychuk, L (2014) Evolving FPA: Should the Budget be Abandoned? Global Treasury Intelligence. [Online] Retrieved from https://www.gtnews.com/articles/evolving-fpa-should-the-budget-be-abandoned/. Accessed on [19.07.2017] Amalfi, F (2016) A Modern Approach to Improving Budgeting Efficiencies for Government Organizations. [Online] Retrieved from https://www.govloop.com/community/blog/modern-approach-improving-budgeting-efficiencies-government-organizations/. Accessed on [19.07.2017] Lohan, G (2013) A Brief History of Budgeting: Reflections on Beyond Budgeting, Its Link to Performance Management and Its Appropriateness for Software Development. Lean Enterprise Software and Systems pp 81-105. [Online] Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-44930-7_6. Accessed on [19.07.2017] Andrews, M (2007) The Impact of Traditional Budgeting Systems on the Effectiveness of Performance?Based Budgeting: A Different Viewpoint on Recent Findings. International Journal of Public Administration. 10.1081/PAD-120018299. [Online]. 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